To say we were
striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not wholly unfair.
Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn’t go on forever fighting one another
for nothing and killing people and rendering millions homeless. So we felt that
a single community throughout the world would be a good thing.[1]
- Denis Healey, 30-year
member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
The ‘Foundations’
of the Bilderberg Group
The Bilderberg Group,
formed in 1954, was founded in the Netherlands as a secretive meeting held once
a year, drawing roughly 130 of the political-financial-military-academic-media
elites from North America and Western Europe as “an informal network of
influential people who could consult each other privately and
confidentially.”[2] Regular participants include the CEOs or Chairman of some
of the largest corporations in the world, oil companies such as Royal Dutch
Shell, British Petroleum, and Total SA, as well as various European monarchs,
international bankers such as David Rockefeller, major politicians, presidents,
prime ministers, and central bankers of the world.[3] The Bilderberg Group acts
as a “secretive global think-tank,” with an original intent to “to link
governments and economies in Europe and North America amid the Cold War.”[4]
In the early 1950s, top
European elites worked with selected American elites to form the Bilderberg
Group in an effort to bring together the most influential people from both
sides of the Atlantic to advance the cause of ‘Atlanticism’ and ‘globalism.’
The list of attendees were the usual suspects: top politicians, international
businessmen, bankers, leaders of think tanks and foundations, top academics and
university leaders, diplomats, media moguls, military officials, and Bilderberg
also included several heads of state, monarchs, as well as senior intelligence
officials, including top officials of the CIA, which was the main financier for
the first meeting in 1954.[5]
The European founders of
the Bilderberg Group included Joseph Retinger and Prince Bernhard of the
Netherlands. Prince Bernhard had, incidentally, been a member of the Nazi Party
until 1934, three years prior to his marrying the Dutch Queen Juliana, and had
also worked for the German industrial giant, I.G. Farben, the maker of Zyklon
B, the gas used in concentration camps.[6] On
the American side, those who were most prominent in the formation of the
Bilderberg Group were David Rockefeller, Dean Rusk (a top official with the
Council on Foreign Relations who was then the head of the Rockefeller
Foundation), Joseph Johnson (another Council leader who was head of the
Carnegie Endowment), and John J. McCloy (a top Council leader who became
Chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank in 1953 and was also Chairman of the Board of
the Ford Foundation).[7]
The fact that the major
American foundations – Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Ford – were so pivotal in the
origins of the Bilderberg Group is not a mere coincidence. The foundations
have, since their founding at the beginning of the 20th century, been the
central institutions in constructing consensus among elites, and creating
consent to power. They are, in short, the engines of social engineering: both
for elite circles specifically, and society as a whole, more generally. As
Professor of Education Robert F. Arnove wrote in his book Philanthropy and
Cultural Imperialism:
Foundations like
Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford have a corrosive influence on a democratic
society; they represent relatively unregulated and unaccountable concentrations
of power and wealth which buy talent, promote causes, and, in effect, establish
an agenda of what merits society’s attention. They serve as “cooling-out”
agencies, delaying and preventing more radical, structural change. They help
maintain an economic and political order, international in scope, which
benefits the ruling-class interests of philanthropists and philanthropoids – a
system which… has worked against the interests of minorities, the working
class, and Third World peoples.[8]
These foundations had
been central in promoting the ideology of ‘globalism’ that laid the groundwork
for organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations and the Bilderberg
Group to exist. The Rockefeller Foundation, in particular, supported several
organizations that promoted a ‘liberal internationalist’ philosophy, the aim of
which: was to support a foreign policy
within a new world order that was to feature the United States as the leading
power – a programme defined by the Rockefeller Foundation as ‘disinterested’,
‘objective’ and even ‘non-political’… The construction of a new
internationalist consensus required the conscious, targeted funding of
individuals and organizations who questioned and undermined the supporters of
the ‘old order’ while simultaneously promoting the ‘new’.[9]
The major foundations
funded and created not only policy-oriented institutes such as think tanks, but
they were also pivotal in the organization and construction of universities and
education itself, in particular, the study of ‘international relations.’[10]
The influence of foundations over education and universities and thus,
‘knowledge’ itself, is unparalleled. As noted in the book, Philanthropy and
Cultural Imperialism:
The power of the
foundation is not that of dictating what will be studied. Its power consists in
defining professional and intellectual parameters, in determining who will
receive support to study what subjects in what settings. And the foundation’s
power resides in suggesting certain types of activities it favors and is
willing to support. As [political theorist and economist Harold] Laski noted,
“the foundations do not control, simply because, in the direct and simple sense
of the word, there is no need for them to do so. They have only to indicate the
immediate direction of their minds for the whole university world to discover
that it always meant to gravitate to that angle of the intellectual
compass.”[11]
The major philanthropic foundations created by America’s
‘robber baron’ industrialists and bankers were established not to benefit
mankind, as was their stated purpose, but to benefit the bankers and
industrialist elites in order to engage in social engineering. Through banks,
these powerful families controlled the global economy; through think tanks,
they manage the political and foreign policy establishments; and through
foundations, they engineer society itself according to their own designs and
interests (and not of the American people or the rest of the world). Through
these foundations, elites have come to shape the processes, ideas and
institutions of education, thus ensuring their continued hegemony over society
through the production and control of knowledge. The educational institutions
train future elites for government, economics, sciences, and other professional
environments, as well as producing the academics that make up the principle
component of think tanks, such as the Bilderberg Group.
Foundations effectively
“blur boundaries” between the public and private sectors, while simultaneously
effecting the separation of such areas in the study of social sciences. This
boundary erosion between public and private spheres “adds feudal elements to
our purported democracy, yet it has not been resisted, protested, or even noted
much by political elites or social scientists.”[12] Zbigniew Brzezinski, foreign policy strategist, former director of the
Council on Foreign Relations, Bilderberg member and co-founder with David
Rockefeller of the Trilateral Commission, wrote that the blurring of boundaries
“serves United States world dominance”:
As the imitation of
American ways gradually pervades the world, it creates a more congenial setting
for the exercise of the indirect and seemingly consensual American hegemony.
And as in the case of the domestic American system, that hegemony involves a
complex structure of interlocking institutions and procedures, designed to
generate consensus and obscure asymmetries in power and influence.[13]
In 1915, a Congressional
investigation into the power of philanthropic foundations took place, named the
Walsh Commission, which warned that, “the power of wealth could overwhelm
democratic culture and politics.”[14] The Final Report of the Walsh Commission
“suggested that foundations would be more likely to pursue their own ideology
in society than social objectivity.”[15] In this context, we can come to
understand the evolution of the Bilderberg Group as an international think tank
aimed at constructing consensus and entrenching ideology among the elite.
At their first meeting,
Bilderbergers covered the following broad areas, which remained focal points of
discussion for successive meetings: Communism and the Soviet Union; Dependent areas
and peoples overseas; Economic policies and problems; and European integration
and the European Defense Community.[16]
Nearly every single American participant in the Bilderberg
meetings was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Among the
notable American members of the Bilderberg Group in its early years were David
Rockefeller, Dean Rusk, John J. McCloy, George McGhee, George Ball, Walt
Whitman Rostow, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur Dean, and Paul Nitze. As Political
Scientist Stephen Gill wrote, “Prominent in the American section were the
network of Rockefeller interests.”[17]
Certainly, while Rothschild interests have remained in the
Bilderberg Group, as evidenced by Edmond de Rothschild having been a member of
the Steering Committee, and Franco Bernabe, Vice Chairman of Rothschild Europe
being a current Steering Committee member,[18] the Rockefeller interests seem
to be most dominant. Not only is David Rockefeller sitting as the single
individual of the Member Advisory Group of the Steering Committee, but close
Rockefeller confidantes have long served on the Steering Committee and been
affiliated with the organization, such as: Sharon Percy Rockefeller; George
Ball, a long-time leader in the Council on Foreign Relations, who was
Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs in the Kennedy and Johnson
administrations; Henry Kissinger, long-time Rockefeller aide and American
imperial strategist; Zbigniew Brzezinski, who co-founded the Trilateral
Commission with David Rockefeller; Joseph E. Johnson, former U.S. State
Department official and President of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace; John J. McCloy, former Chairman the Council on Foreign Relations
(superceded by David Rockefeller), former Assistant Secretary of War, Chairman
of Chase Manhattan Bank (where he was superceded by David Rockefeller), former
Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, Chairman of the Ford Foundation, and
President of the World Bank; and James Wolfensohn, former President of the
World Bank and Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation.
One current Steering
Committee member, who is representative of not only a continuation of
Rockefeller interests, but also of the continuing influence and role of the
major foundations is Jessica T. Matthews. She is President of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, who had served on the National Security
Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski, was a senior fellow at the Council on
Foreign Relations (at which David Rockefeller remains as Honorary Chairman), is
a member of the Trilateral Commission, is a trustee of the Rockefeller
Foundation, and has served on the boards of the Brookings Institution, the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Joyce Foundation.
Bilderberg and
the European Union
Joseph Retinger, one of the founders of the Bilderberg
Group, was also one of the original architects of the European Common Market
and a leading intellectual champion of European integration. In 1946, he told
the Royal Institute of International Affairs (the British counterpart and
sister organization of the Council on Foreign Relations), that Europe needed to
create a federal union and for European countries to “relinquish part of their
sovereignty.” Retinger was a founder of the European Movement (EM), a lobbying
organization dedicated to creating a federal Europe. Retinger secured financial
support for the European Movement from powerful US financial interests such as
the Council on Foreign Relations and the Rockefellers.[19] Important to note is
that following World War II, the CFR’s main finances came from the Carnegie
Corporation, Ford Foundation and most especially, the Rockefeller Foundation.[20]
Apart from Retinger, the
founder of the Bilderberg Group and the European Movement, another ideological
founder of European integration was Jean Monnet, who founded the Action
Committee for a United States of Europe (ACUE), an organization dedicated to
promoting European integration, and he was also the major promoter and first
president of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the precursor to the
European Common Market.[21]
Declassified documents
(released in 2001) showed that “the US intelligence community ran a campaign in
the Fifties and Sixties to build momentum for a united Europe. It funded and
directed the European federalist movement.”[22] The documents revealed that, “America was working aggressively behind
the scenes to push Britain into a European state. One memorandum, dated July
26, 1950, gives instructions for a campaign to promote a fully-fledged European
parliament. It is signed by Gen William J Donovan, head of the American
wartime Office of Strategic Services, precursor of the CIA.” Further, “Washington’s main tool for shaping the
European agenda was the American Committee for a United Europe, created in
1948. The chairman was Donovan, ostensibly a private lawyer by then,” and “the
vice-chairman was Allen Dulles, the CIA director in the Fifties. The board
included Walter Bedell Smith, the CIA’s first director, and a roster of ex-OSS
figures and officials who moved in and out of the CIA. The documents show that
ACUE financed the European Movement, the most important federalist organisation
in the post-war years.” Interestingly, “the leaders of the European Movement –
Retinger, the visionary Robert Schuman and the former Belgian prime minister
Paul-Henri Spaak – were all treated as hired hands by their American sponsors.
The US role was handled as a covert operation. ACUE’s funding came from the
Ford and Rockefeller foundations as well as business groups with close ties to
the US government.”[23]
(Everything done at the
hands of America and our tax paying money. Europen union, UN, etc. which means
we can end it)
The European Coal and
Steel Community was formed in 1951, and signed by France, West Germany, Italy,
Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Newly released documents from the 1955
Bilderberg meeting show that a main topic of discussion was “European Unity,”
and that “the discussion affirmed complete support for the idea of integration
and unification from the representatives of all the six nations of the Coal and
Steel Community present at the conference.” Further, “A European speaker
expressed concern about the need to achieve a common currency, and indicated
that in his view this necessarily implied the creation of a central political
authority.” Interestingly, “a United States participant confirmed that the
United States had not weakened in its enthusiastic support for the idea of
integration, although there was considerable diffidence in America as to how
this enthusiasm should be manifested. Another United States participant urged
his European friends to go ahead with the unification of Europe with less
emphasis upon ideological considerations and, above all, to be practical and
work fast.”[24] Thus, at the 1955 Bilderberg Group meeting, they set as a
primary agenda, the creation of a European common market.[25]
(Look, our country was formed to have presidents that we
elect to have power to protect our rights. That is all the government’s role
should be, it can’t produce anything but to govern us or watch over us and
protect our rights. Be the supreme the LAW of the land and not for them to be
puppets for bankers or dictators like Rockefeller, Rothschild & Brezenski
or Kissinger aiding their Corporate Special Interests! Wake up Americans – what
the hell did we ever stand for?)
In 1957, two years later,
the Treaty of Rome was signed, which created the European Economic Community
(EEC), also known as the European Community. Over the decades, various other
treaties were signed, and more countries joined the European Community. In
1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed, which created the European Union and
led to the creation of the Euro. The European Monetary Institute was created in
1994, the European Central Bank was founded in 1998, and the Euro was launched
in 1999. Etienne Davignon, Chairman of the Bilderberg Group and former EU Commissioner,
revealed in March of 2009 that the Euro was debated and planned at Bilderberg
conferences.[26]
The European Constitution
(renamed the Lisbon Treaty) was a move towards creating a European superstate,
creating an EU foreign minister, and with it, coordinated foreign policy, with
the EU taking over the seat of Britain on the UN Security Council, representing
all EU member states, forcing the nations to “actively and unreservedly” follow
an EU foreign policy; set out the framework to create an EU defense policy, as
an appendage to or separate from NATO; the creation of a European Justice
system, with the EU defining “minimum standards in defining offences and
setting sentences,” and creates common asylum and immigration policy; and it
would also hand over to the EU the power to “ensure co-ordination of economic
and employment policies”; and EU law would supersede all law of the member
states, thus making the member nations relative to mere provinces within a
centralized federal government system.[27]
The Constitution was
largely written up by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, former President of the French
Republic from 1974 to 1981. Giscard d’Estaing also happens to be a member of
the Bidlerberg Group, the Trilateral Commission, and is also a close friend of
Henry Kissinger, having co-authored papers with him.
The Treaty, passed in
2009, created the position of President of the European Council, who represents
the EU on the world stage and leads the Council, which determines the political
direction of the EU. The first President of the European Council is Herman Van
Rompuy, former Prime Minister of Belgium. On November 12, 2009, a small
Bilderberg meeting took place, hosted by Viscount Etienne Davignon (Chairman of
the Bilderberg Group), and including “international policymakers and
industrialists,” among them, Henry Kissinger. Herman Von Rompuy “attended the
Bilderberg session to audition for the European job, calling for a new system
of levies to fund the EU and replace the perennial EU budget battles.”[28] Following
his selection as President, Van Rompuy gave a speech in which he stated, “We
are going through exceptionally difficult times: the financial crisis and its
dramatic impact on employment and budgets, the climate crisis which threatens
our very survival; a period of anxiety, uncertainty, and lack of confidence.
Yet, these problems can be overcome by a joint effort in and between our
countries. 2009 is also the first year of global governance with the
establishment of the G20 in the middle of the financial crisis; the climate
conference in Copenhagen is another step towards the global management of our
planet.”[29]
As indicated from leaks
of the recent 2011 Bilderberg meeting in Switzerland, the euro-zone is in a
major crisis, and Bilderberg members are struggling to keep the house of glass
from shattering to pieces. One major subject discussed at this year’s meeting,
according to Bilderberg investigative journalist, Daniel Estulin (who
reportedly has inside sources in the meetings who leak information, which has
proved quite accurate in the past), the Bilderberg meeting discussed the
situation of Greece, which is likely to only get worse, with another bailout on
the horizon, continuing social unrest, and a possible abandonment of the euro.
The problems of Greece, Ireland and the wider global economy as a whole were
featured in this year’s discussions.[30] Representatives from Greece this year
included George Papaconstantinou, the Greek Minister of Finance, among several
bankers and businessmen.[31]
Among the EU power
players attending this years meeting was the first President of the European
Council, Herman van Rompuy, who was appointed as President following an
invitation to a private Bilderberg meeting in November of 2009, at which he
gave a speech advocating for EU-wide taxes, allowing the EU to not rely
exclusively upon its member nations, but have its “own resources.”[32] Van
Rompuy, who previously stated that, “2009 is also the first year of global
governance,” is no surprise guest at Bilderberg. Other key EU officials who
attended this year’s meeting were Joaquín Almunia, a Vice President of the
European Commission; Frans van Daele, Chief of Staff to European Council
President Van Rompuy; Neelie Kroes, a Vice President of the European
Commission; and of course, Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European
Central Bank.[33]
As with each meeting,
there is the official list of participants, and then there are those
participants who attend, but whose names are not listed in any official
release. At this year’s meeting, some reports indicate that attendees whose
names were not listed included NATO Secretary-General Anders Rasmussen, which
is not surprising considering that the NATO Secretary-General has generally
been present at every meeting; Jose Luis Zapatero, Spanish Prime Minister;
Angela Merkel, German Chancellor; Bill Gates, Co-Chairman of Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation and former Microsoft CEO; and Robert Gates, the outgoing U.S.
Secretary of Defense.[34] The Guardian also reported that these “unofficial
guests” were spotted at the conference or had their attendance ‘leaked’.[35]
Angela Merkel has reportedly attended meetings in the past, which would make
her current attendance less than surprising.[36]
At the recent meeting, EU
officials were discussing the need for the EU to undertake a “massive power
grab” in the face of the massive economic crisis facing Europe and indeed the
world. Without such a power grab, the euro and indeed the Union itself would
likely collapse; a scenario anathema to everything the Bilderberg group has
tried to achieve in its 57-year history. The aim, put simply, would be to have
the EU police itself and the nations of the Union, with the ability to punish
nations for not following the rules, and as one Bilderberger reportedly stated
at the meeting, “What we are heading towards a form of real economic
government.”[37] Now while this statement cannot be independently verified,
there is much documentation within the public record that several of the
European attendees at the meeting could have easily made such a statement.
Prior to the meeting, European Central Bank President,
Jean-Claude Trichet, “said governments should consider setting up a finance
ministry for the 17-nation currency region as the bloc struggles to contain a
region-wide sovereign debt crisis.” Trichet asked: “Would it be too bold, in
the economic field, with a single market, a single currency and a single
central bank, to envisage a ministry of finance of the union?” Further in line with this thought, and with the ideas laid
out in the Bilderberg meeting in favour of a ‘power grab’, Trichet said he
supports “giving the European Union powers to veto the budget measures of
countries that go ‘harmfully astray,’ though that would require a change to EU
Treaties.” Such a finance ministry would, according to Trichet, “exert direct
responsibilities in at least three domains”:
(no central bank but little
independent local banks & no constant interest. Maybe a fee so the bankers
can earn some money for their service, but this notion of taking out a mortgage
for a home and paying 3 times the amount it’s worth thanks to the interest on
the loan is ridiculous)
They would include
“first, the surveillance of both fiscal policies and competitiveness policies”
and “direct responsibilities” for countries in fiscal distress, he said. It
would also carry out “all the typical responsibilities of the executive
branches as regards the union’s integrated financial sector, so as to accompany
the full integration of financial services, and third, the representation of
the union confederation in international financial institutions.”[38]
Last year, Belgian Prime
Minister Yves Leterme endorsed such an idea of a ‘European Economic Government’
when he stated:
The idea of strengthened
economic government has been put on the table and will make progress. In the
end, the European Debt Agency or something like it will become a reality. I’m
convinced of this. It’s about Europe’s financial stability and it’s not an
ideological debate about federalism. I myself am a federalist. But more
integration and deeper integration are simply logical consequences of having a
single currency.[39]
This is of course, not
surprising, considering that Leterme’s predecessor is Herman van Rompuy, the
current Bilderberg participant and EU President, a strong-headed advocate of an
‘economic government’ and ‘global governance.’ The plans for an ‘economic
government’ require the strong commitment of both France and Germany, which may
explain Merkel’s reported appearance at Bilderberg. In March of 2010, the
German and French governments released a draft outline that would “strengthen
financial policy coordination in the EU.” The plan, seen by German publication
Der Spiegel, “calls for increased monitoring of individual member states’
competitiveness so that action can be taken early on should problems emerge.”
Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker stated in response to the plan,
“We need a European economic government in the sense of strengthened
coordination of economic policy within the euro zone.”[40] In December of 2010,
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble stated that, “In 10 years we will
have a structure that corresponds much stronger to what one describes as
political union.”[41]
As reported by the German
press in early 2011, Germany and France were split on several aspects of such
an ‘economic government.’ However, as Merkel stated, “We have obviously been
discussing the issue of an economic government for a long time,” and that,
“What we are currently envisioning goes yet another step in this direction.”
Yet, the differences between the two approaches are mainly as follows:
France would prefer to
see the European Council, which comprises the heads of state and government of
the EU’s member states, turned into a kind of economic government. Since only
euro-zone member countries would be involved initially, French Finance Minister
[and past Bilderberg participant] Christine Lagarde has dubbed the project “16
plus.”
The Germans are focused
on completely different things. Their preference would be to see the current
rescue fund replaced by the so-called European Stability Mechanism in 2013.
According to this arrangement, in return for any help, cash-strapped countries
would have to subject themselves to a strict cost-cutting regimen.[42]
Mario Draghi is the
current President of the Bank of Italy, as well as a board member of the Bank
for International Settlements – the BIS (the central bank to the world’s
central banks). In an interview posted on the website of the BIS in March of
2010, Mario Draghi stated that in response to the Greek crisis, “In the euro
area we need a stronger economic governance providing for more coordinated
structural reforms and more discipline.”[43] Mario Draghi also attended the
2009 conference of the Bilderberg Group.[44] Perhaps unsurprisingly, Mario
Draghi has been backed by the euro-area finance ministers to be the successor
to Jean-Claude Trichet at the European Central Bank, who is due to step down in
October of 2011.[45]
Certainly, the objective
of a ‘European economic government’ will continue throughout the coming years,
especially as the economic crisis continues. As Dominique Strauss-Kahn,
outgoing Managing Director of the IMF and long-time Bilderberg participant
stated, “crisis is an opportunity.”[46] Bilderberg, while not omnipotent by any
means, will do all in its ability to prevent the collapse of the euro or the
ending of the European Union. Bilderberg has, after all, from its very
beginning, made ‘European integration’ one of its central objectives. In an
official biography of Bilderberg-founder and long-time Chairman Prince
Bernhard, the Bilderberg Group was credited as “the birthplace of the European
Community.”[47]
Regime Change at
the IMF?
Christine Lagarde, the
French Finance Minister who has been pivotal in the process towards drafting
and proposing a ‘European economic government’, is also considered the
front-runner for the job of Managing Director of the IMF. The Managing Director
of the IMF is always in attendance at Bilderberg meetings, except for this
year, considering outgoing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn is facing sexual
assault charges in New York; yet, the top job is usually set aside for those
who have been invited to at least one meeting of the Bilderberg Group. While
the race has yet to finish, perhaps it is noteworthy that Christine Lagarde
attended a Bilderberg meeting in 2009.[48] Could this make her the supreme
choice, or is there a surprise in the near future?
A Place for China
in the New World Order?
Investigative journalist
Daniel Estulin’s report of inside sources in this year’s meeting indicated a
rather extensive discussion on the role of China, which is hardly surprising,
considering this has been a central topic of discussion in meetings for a
number of years. China emerged in discussions on Pakistan, as China has become
increasingly Pakistan’s closest economic and strategic ally, a trend that is
continuing as America continues to spread the Afghan war into neighbouring
Pakistan. China is also a major player
in Africa, threatening the West’s stranglehold over the continent, in
particular through the World Bank and IMF. Most importantly, however, and not
unrelated to its role in Pakistan and Africa, China has become the greatest
economic competitor for the United States in the world, and as the IMF even
admitted recently, its economy is expected to surpass that of the United States
by 2016. Bilderberg paid attention to this issue not simply as a
financial-economic consideration, but as a massive geopolitical transition in
the world: “the biggest story of our time.”[49]
What made the discussion on China at this year’s meeting
unique was that it actually included two attendees from China for the first
time ever. The two guests were Huang Yiping, a prominent economics professor at
Peking University (China’s Harvard), and Fu Ying, China’s Vice Minister of
Foreign Affairs.[50] This is especially unusual and telling of the importance
of the discussion at hand, considering that Bilderberg is exclusively a
European and North American (Atlantic) organization, and in the past, when
Bilderberg memebers David Rockefeller and Zbigniew Brzezinski suggested Japan
be allowed to join in 1972, the European rejected the proposition, and instead
the Trilateral Commission was formed in 1973 to integrate the elites of Western
Europe, North America, and Japan. The Trilateral Commission eventually expanded
the Japanese section of the group into a ‘Pacific Asian Group’ in 2000 to
include not only Japan, but South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
In 2009 the G20 was
endowed with the task of ‘managing’ the global economic crisis – to include the
‘emerging’ economic giants, notably China and India – and as Bilderberg member
Jean-Claude Trichet stated, this marked “the emergence of the G20 as the prime
group for global economic governance.”[51] That same year the newly-appointed
European Union President Herman van Rompuy declared to be “the first year of
global governance.” No surprise then, that also in 2009, China and India were
invited as official members of the Trilateral Commission.[52] This indicates a
growing role for India and especially China in global affairs, and
participation in Bilderberg meetings emphasizes the aim to not alienate China
from the established institutions, ideologies and systems of global power, but
to more fully integrate China within that system. The aim of the global elite, perhaps best represented by Bilderberg, is
not to allow for the collapse of the American empire and the rise of a new one;
rather, it is to manage the collapse of American hegemony into an entirely new
system of global governance. This ‘big idea’ is not possible without the
participation of China, and thus, as Bilderberg has long been saturated with
the ideology of ‘global governance,’ it cannot be seen as too surprising to see
China invited. Perhaps the surprise should be that it simply took this long.
Is Bilderberg
Building a Global Government?
Jon Ronson wrote an
article for the Guardian paper in which he managed to interview key members of
the Bilderberg Group for an exposé on the organization, attempting to dismantle
the “conspiracy theories” surrounding the secrecy of the meetings. However,
through his interviews, important information regarding the social importance
of the group continued to emerge. Ronson
attempted to contact David Rockefeller, but only managed to reach his press
secretary who told Ronson that the “conspiracy theories” about Rockefeller and
“global think-tanks such as Bilderberg in general” left David
Rockefeller “thoroughly fed up.” According to his press secretary, “Mr.
Rockefeller’s conclusion was that this was a battle between rational and
irrational thought. Rational people favoured globalisation. Irrational people
preferred nationalism.”[53]
While dismissing “conspiracy theories” that Bilderberg
“runs the world,” Ronson did explain that the Bilderberg members he interviewed
admitted, “that international affairs had, from time to time, been influenced
by these sessions.” As Denis Healey, a
30-year member of the Steering Committee, himself pointedly explained:
To say we were striving for a one-world government is
exaggerated, but not wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn’t
go on forever fighting one another for nothing and killing people and rendering
millions homeless. So we felt that a single community throughout the world
would be a good thing… Bilderberg is a way of bringing together politicians,
industrialists, financiers and journalists. Politics should involve people who
aren’t politicians. We make a point of getting along younger politicians who
are obviously rising, to bring them together with financiers and industrialists
who offer them wise words. It increases the chance of having a sensible global
policy.[54]
Will Hutton, the former
Editor of the Observer, who had been invited to Bilderberg meetings in the
past, once famously referred to the group as “the high priests of
globalization.”[55] Hutton has said that “people take part in these networks in
order to influence the way the world works,” and to create, as he put it, “the
international common sense” of policy. The Chairman of the Bilderberg Group,
Viscount Etienne Davignon, stated that, “I don’t think (we are) a global ruling
class because I don’t think a global ruling class exists. I simply think it’s people
who have influence interested to speak to other people who have influence.”[56]
G. William Domhoff is a
professor of Psychology and Sociology at the University of California, Santa
Cruz, and has written about the Bilderberg Group. In an interview, he
discounted the notion that the study of such groups is relegated to the realm
of conspiracy theory, and instead explained that he studies “how elites strive
to develop consensus, which is through such publicly observable organizations
as corporate boards and the policy-planning network, which can be studied in
detail, and which are reported on in the media in at least a halfway accurate
manner.”[57]
Bilderbergers have long been advocates of global governance
and ‘global government,’ and ‘crisis’ is always an excellent means through
which to advance their agendas. Just as the Greek crisis has stepped up calls
for the formation of a ‘European economic government,’ an idea which has been
sought out for much longer than Greece has been in crisis, so too is the global
economic crisis an excuse to advance the cause of ‘global economic governance.’
Outgoing Managing Director of the IMF, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, stated in May of
2010 that, “crisis is an opportunity,” and he called for “a new global currency
issued by a global central bank, with robust governance and institutional
features,” and that the “global central bank could also serve as a lender of
last resort.” However, he stated, “I fear we are still very far from that level
of global collaboration.”[58] Unless, of course, the world continues to descend
into economic and financial ruin, as any astute economic observer would likely
warn is taking place.
Following the April 2009 G20 summit, “plans were announced
for implementing the creation of a new global currency to replace the US
dollar’s role as the world reserve currency.” Point 19 of the communiqué
released by the G20 at the end of the Summit stated, “We have agreed to support
a general SDR allocation which will inject $250bn (£170bn) into the world economy
and increase global liquidity.” SDRs, or Special Drawing Rights, are “a
synthetic paper currency issued by the International Monetary Fund.” As the
Telegraph reported, “the G20 leaders have activated the IMF’s power to create
money and begin global ‘quantitative easing’. In doing so, they are putting a
de facto world currency into play. It is outside the control of any sovereign
body.”[59] The Washington Post reported that the IMF is poised to transform
“into a veritable United Nations for the global economy”:
It would have vastly
expanded authority to act as a global banker to governments rich and poor. And
with more flexibility to effectively print its own money, it would have the
ability to inject liquidity into global markets in a way once limited to major
central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve… the IMF is all but certain
to take a central role in managing the world economy. As a result, Washington is poised to become the power center for global
financial policy, much as the United Nations has long made New York the world
center for diplomacy.[60]
While the IMF is pushed
to the forefront of the global currency agenda, the Bank for International
Settlements (BIS) remains as the true authority in terms of ‘global governance’
overall. As the IMF’s magazine, Finance and Development, stated in 2009, “the
Bank for International Settlements (BIS), established in 1930, is the central
and the oldest focal point for coordination of global governance
arrangements.”[61] Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank
(ECB) and long-time Bilderberg participant, gave a speech at the Council on
Foreign Relations in April of 2010 in which he explained that, “the significant
transformation of global governance that we are engineering today is illustrated
by three examples”:
First, the emergence of
the G20 as the prime group for global economic governance at the level of
ministers, governors and heads of state or government. Second, the
establishment of the Global Economy Meeting of central bank governors under the
auspices of the BIS as the prime group for the governance of central bank
cooperation. And third, the extension of Financial Stability Board membership
to include all the systemic emerging market economies.[62]
In concluding his speech,
Trichet emphasized that, “global governance is of the essence to improve
decisively the resilience of the global financial system.”[63] The following
month, Trichet spoke at the Bank of Korea, where he said, “central bank
cooperation is part of a more general trend that is reshaping global
governance, and which has been spurred by the global financial crisis,” and
that, “it is therefore not surprising that the crisis has led to even better
recognition of their increased economic importance and need for full integration
into global governance.” Once again, Trichet identified the BIS and its
“various fora” – such as the Global Economy Meeting and the Financial Stability
Board – as the “main channel” for central bank cooperation.[64]
For more on ‘Global
Government’ and the global economic crisis, see: Andrew Gavin Marshall, “Crisis is an Opportunity”: Engineering a Global Depression to
Create a Global Government, Global Research, 26 October
2010.
Rockefeller’s
Dream
David Rockefeller celebrated his 96th birthday during last
weekend’s Bilderberg meeting, and is one of if not the only remaining original
founders of the group in 1954. If the Bilderberg Group represents the “high
priests of globalization,” then David Rockefeller is the ‘Pope’.
James Wolfensohn
represents the importance of the Rockefellers to not only America, but to the
whole process of globalization. James D. Wolfensohn, an Australian national,
was President of the World Bank from 1995-2005, and has since founded and leads
his private firm, Wolfensohn & Company, LLC. He has also been a long-time
Steering Committee member of the Bilderberg Group, and has served as an
Honorary Trustee of the Brookings Institution, a major American think tank, as
well as a Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, and is a member of the Council
on Foreign Relations. Wolfensohn’s
father, Hyman, was employed by James Armand de Rothschild of the Rothschild
banking dynasty, after whom James was named. His father taught him how to
“cultivate mentors, friends and contacts of influence.”[65] Wolfensohn rose
quickly through the financial world, and as his father had lived in service to
the Rothschild’s – the dominant family of the 19th century – James Wolfensohn
lived in service to the Rockefellers, arguably the dominant family of the 20th
century. On the event of David Rockefeller’s 90th birthday, James Wolfensohn,
speaking at the Council on Foreign Relations, stated:
[T]he person who had perhaps the greatest influence on my
life professionally in this country, and I’m very happy to say personally there
afterwards, is David Rockefeller, who first met me at the Harvard Business
School in 1957 or ‘58… [At the beginning of the 20th century] as we looked at the
world, a family, the Rockefeller family, decided that the issues were not just
national for the United States, were not just related to the rich countries.
And where, extraordinarily and amazingly, David’s grandfather set up the
Rockefeller Foundation, the purpose of which was to take a global view.
… So the Rockefeller family, in this last 100 years, has
contributed in a way that is quite extraordinary to the development in that
period and has given ample focus to the issues of development with which I have
been associated. In fact, it’s fair to say that there has been no other single
family influence greater than the Rockefeller’s in the whole issue of
globalization and in the whole issue of addressing the questions which, in some
ways, are still before us today. And for that David, we’re deeply grateful to
you and for your own contribution in carrying these forward in the way that you
did.[66]
David Rockefeller has been even less humble (but perhaps
more honest) in his assertion of his family’s and his own personal role in
shaping the world. In his 2002 book, Memoirs, David Rockefeller wrote:
For more than a century ideological extremists at either
end of the political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents such
as my encounter with Castro to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate
influence they claim we wield over American political and economic
institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against
the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as
‘internationalists’ and of conspiring with others around the world to build a
more integrated global political and economic structure–one world, if you will.
If that’s the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it.[67]
As if this admission was not quite enough, at a 1991
meeting of the Bilderberg group, David Rockefeller was quoted as saying:
We are grateful to the Washington Post, The New York Times,
Time Magazine and other great publications whose directors have attended our
meetings and respected their promises of discretion for almost 40 years. It
would have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world if we had
been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years. But the world is
more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world government. The
supranational sovereignty of an intellectual elite and world bankers is surely
preferable to the national auto-determination practiced in past centuries.[68]
So, happy 96th birthday, Mr. David Rockefeller! But I am
sorry to say (or perhaps not so sorry) that while the mainstream media have
“respected their promises of discretion,” the new media – the alternative media
– have not. As you said yourself, “It would have been impossible for us to
develop our plan for the world if we had been subjected to the lights of
publicity during those years,” it seems that the “lights of publicity” are now
descending upon your “plan for the world,” making it all the more difficult to
come to pass. Indeed, “the world is more sophisticated,” but not because the
world is ‘ready’ for your plan, but because the world is getting ready to
reject it. While national sovereignty certainly has problems and is hardly
something I would consider ‘ideal’, the “supranational sovereignty of an
intellectual elite and world bankers” is about the worst scenario one could
imagine. So as a birthday present to you, Mr. Rockefeller, I promise (and I am
sure that I am speaking for a great many more than simply myself) that I will
continue to expose your “plans for the world,” so that your dream – and our
nightmare – will never become a reality. The light will shine, and in due time,
the people will be ready to follow its path.
Andrew Gavin
Marshall is a Research
Associate with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG). He is
co-editor, with Michel Chossudovsky, of the recent book, “The Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression of the XXI
Century,” available to order at Globalresearch.ca. He is currently working on a forthcoming book on ’Global
Government’.
Notes
[1] Jon
Ronson, Who pulls the strings? (part 3), The Guardian, 10 March 2001:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/10/extract1
[2] CBC,
Informal forum or global conspiracy? CBC News Online: June 13, 2006:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bilderberg-group/
[3] Holly
Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for
World Management. (South End Press: 1980), 161-171
[4] Glen
McGregor, Secretive power brokers meeting coming to Ottawa? Ottawa Citizen: May
24, 2006:
http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=ff614eb8-02cc-41a3-a42d-30642def1421&k=62840
[5] Stephen
Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University
Press: New York, 1990), page 129.
[6] Bruno
Waterfield, Dutch Prince Bernhard ‘was member of Nazi party’, The Telegraph, 5
March 2010:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/7377402/Dutch-Prince-Bernhard-was-member-of-Nazi-party.html
[7] Joan
Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (New York: State
University of New York Press, 2003), page 52.
[8] Robert
F. Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations at Home
and Abroad (Indiana University Press: Boston, 1980), page 1.
[9] Inderjeet
Parmar, “‘To Relate Knowledge and Action’: The Impact of the Rockefeller
Foundation on Foreign Policy Thinking During America’s Rise to Globalism
1939-1945,” Minerva (Vol. 40, 2002), page 246.
[10] Ibid,
page 247.
[11] Robert
F. Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations at Home
and Abroad (Indiana University Press, 1980), page 319.
[12] Joan
Roelofs, “Foundations and Collaboration,” Critical Sociology, Vol. 33, 2007,
page 480
[13] Ibid,
page 481.
[14] Ibid,
page 483.
[15] Erkki
Berndtson, “Review Essay: Power of Foundations and the American Ideology,”
Critical Sociology, Vol. 33, 2007, page 580
[16] Joan
Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (New York: State
University of New York Press, 2003), page 52.
[17] Stephen
Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University
Press: New York, 1990), pages 131-132.
[18] Bilderberg
Meetings, Former Steering Committee Members, BilderbergMeetings.org:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html; Steering Committee:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html
[19] Holly
Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for
World Management. (South End Press: 1980), 161-162
[20] CFR,
The First Transformation. CFR History:
http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/first_transformation.html
[21] William
F. Jasper, Rogues’ gallery of EU founders. The New American: July 12, 2004:
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JZS/is_14_20/ai_n25093084/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1
[22] Ambrose
Evans-Pritchard, Euro-federalists financed by US spy chiefs. The Telegraph:
June 19, 2001:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1356047/Euro-federalists-financed-by-US-spy-chiefs.html
[23] Ibid.
[24] Bilderberg
Group, GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN CONFERENCE. The Bilderberg Group: September
23-25, 1955, page 7:
http://wikileaks.org/leak/bilderberg-meetings-report-1955.pdf
[25] Who
are these Bilderbergers and what do they do? The Sunday Herald: May 30, 1999:
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_19990530/ai_n13939252
[26] Andrew
Rettman, ‘Jury’s out’ on future of Europe, EU doyen says. EUobserver: March 16,
2009:
http://euobserver.com/9/27778
[27] Daily
Mail, EU Constitution – the main points. The Daily Mail: June 19, 2004:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-307249/EU-Constitution–main-points.html
[28] Ian
Traynor, Who speaks for Europe? Criticism of ‘shambolic’ process to fill key
jobs. The Guardian, 17 November 2009:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/17/top-european-job-selection-process
[29] Herman
Van Rompuy, Speech Upon Accepting the EU Presidency, BBC News, 22 November
2009:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzm_R3YBgPg
[30] Daniel
Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011:
http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[31] Bilderberg
Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June
2011:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[32] Bruno
Waterfield, EU Presidency candidate Herman Van Rompuy calls for new taxes, The
Telegraph, 16 November 2009:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/6582837/EU-Presidency-candidate-Herman-Van-Rompuy-calls-for-new-taxes.html
[33] Bilderberg
Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June
2011:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[34] PrisonPlanet,
Exclusive: Unnamed Bilderberg Attendees Revealed, Gates Violates Logan Act,
Prison Planet, 11 June 2011:
http://www.prisonplanet.com/exclusive-unnamed-bilderberg-attendees-revealed.html
[35] Charlie
Skelton, Bilderberg 2011: The opposition steps up, The Guardian, 11 June 2011:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/jun/11/bilderberg-switzerland
[36] SwissInfo,
World’s Powerful Bilderberg Group Meets In St Moritz, EurasiaReview, 9 June
2011:
http://www.eurasiareview.com/worlds-powerful-bilderberg-group-meets-in-st-moritz-09062011/
[37] Daniel
Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011:
http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[38] Bloomberg,
European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet calls for Euro Finance
Ministry, The Economic Times, 3 June 2011:
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/news/29617216_1_single-currency-jean-claude-trichet-budget
[39] Daniel
Hannan, European economic government is inevitable, Telegraph Blogs, 17 March
2010:
http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100030219/european-economic-government-is-inevitable/
[40] Spiegel,
Plans for European Economic Government Gain Steam, Der Spiegel, 1 March 2011:
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,680955,00.html
[41] ANDREW
WILLIS, Germany predicts EU ‘political union’ in 10 years, EU Observer, 13
December 2010:
http://euobserver.com/9/31485
[42] Peter
Müller and Michael Sauga, France and Germany Split over Plans for European
Economic Government, Der Spiegel, 3 January 2011:
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,737423,00.html
[43] Mario
Draghi: “We need a European economic government” – interview in Handelsblatt,
The Bank for International Settlements, March 2010:
http://www.bis.org/review/r100325b.pdf
[44] Bilderberg
Meetings, Participants 2009, BilderbergMeetings.org, May 2009:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html
[45] Ecofin:
Finance Ministers Back Mario Draghi To Lead ECB, The Wall Street Journal, 16
May 2011:
http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110516-715655.html
[46] Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, Concluding Remarks by Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Managing Director
of the International Monetary Fund, at the High-Level Conference on the
International Monetary System, Zurich, 11 May 2010:
http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2010/051110.htm
[47] Stephen
Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University
Press: New York, 1990), pages 131-132.
[48] Bilderberg
Meetings, Participants 2009, BilderbergMeetings.org, May 2009:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html
[49] Daniel
Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011:
http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[50] Bilderberg
Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June
2011:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[51] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Global Governance Today, Keynote address by Mr Jean-Claude Trichet,
President of the European Central Bank, at the Council on Foreign Relations,
New York, 26 April 2010:
http://www.bis.org/review/r100428b.pdf
[52] The
Trilateral Commission, About the Pacific Asian Group, May 2011:
http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=13
[53] Jon
Ronson, Who pulls the strings? (part 2), The Guardian, 10 March 2001:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/10/extract
[54] Ibid.
[55] Mark
Oliver, The Bilderberg group, The Guardian, 4 June 2004:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/jun/04/netnotes.markoliver
[56] BBC,
Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group, BBC News, 29 September 2005:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4290944.stm
[57] Chip
Berlet, Interview: G. William Domhoff, New Internationalist, September 2004:
http://www.publiceye.org/antisemitism/nw_domhoff.html
[58] Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, Concluding Remarks by Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Managing Director
of the International Monetary Fund, at the High-Level Conference on the
International Monetary System, Zurich, 11 May 2010:
http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2010/051110.htm
[59] Ambrose
Evans-Pritchard, The G20 moves the world a step closer to a global currency.
The Telegraph: April 3, 2009:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/5096524/The-G20-moves-the-world-a-step-closer-to-a-global-currency.html
[60] Anthony
Faiola, A Bigger, Bolder Role Is Imagined For the IMF, The Washington Post, 20
April 2009:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/19/AR2009041902242.html?hpid=topnews
[61] Amar
Bhattacharya, A Tangled Web, Finance and Development, March 2009, Vol. 46, No.
1:
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2009/03/bhattacharya.htm
[62] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Global Governance Today, Keynote address by Mr Jean-Claude Trichet,
President of the European Central Bank, at the Council on Foreign Relations,
New York, 26 April 2010:
http://www.bis.org/review/r100428b.pdf
[63] Ibid.
[64] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Central bank cooperation after the global financial crisis, Video
address by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, at the
Bank of Korea International Conference 2010, Seoul, 31 May 2010:
http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2010/html/sp100531.en.html
[65] Michael
Stutchbury, The man who inherited the Rothschild legend, The Australian, 30
October 2010:
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/the-man-who-inherited-the-rothschild-legend/story-e6frg6z6-1225945329773
[66] James
D. Wolfensohn, Council on Foreign Relations Special Symposium in honor of David
Rockefeller’s 90th Birthday, The Council on Foreign Relations, 23 May 2005:
http://www.cfr.org/world/council-foreign-relations-special-symposium-honor-david-rockefellers-90th-birthday/p8133
[67] David
Rockefeller, Memoirs (Random House, New York: 2002), pages 404 – 405.
[68] Gordon
Laxer, “Radical Transformative Nationalisms Confront the US Empire,” Current
Sociology (Vol. 51, Issue 2: March 2003), page 141.
-
A
single community of FREEDOM is good. Constitution and Bill of Rights (God Given
Rights) for each terroritory in the world!
